[ { "ID": 1, "Incident_Date": null, "Incident_Year": null, "City": "Jacksonville Beach area", "County": "Duval / Pinellas", "State": "FL", "Victim_Name": "Robert Dillon", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Jacksonville Beach Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": "Jacksonville Sheriff's Office; Pinellas County Sheriff's Office (statewide FRT)", "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "Florida statewide FRT system (Pinellas)", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": null, "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "ACLU/ACLU of Florida (June 2026) sued on behalf of Robert Dillon after a false FRT match led to arrest warrant; suit alleges concealment of exculpatory evidence. Exact incident date NULL in press release used.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": null, "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Lawsuit filed June 2026", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/florida-man-sues-police-over-wrongful-arrest-due-to-false-facial-recognition-match", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.8, "Notes": "Date NULL; included for FRT completeness." }, { "ID": 2, "Incident_Date": "2009-03-30", "Incident_Year": 2009, "City": "San Francisco", "County": "San Francisco", "State": "CA", "Victim_Name": "Denise Green", "Victim_Age": 47, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "San Francisco Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": "Sgt. Ja Han Kim; Officers Alberto Esparza; Robert Pedersen", "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "ALPR (mobile/car-mounted)", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Wrong Character; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "SFPD ALPR misread Green's plate (3 as 7), alerting that her burgundy Lexus was a stolen gray GMC truck. Without visually confirming the full plate, officers conducted a high-risk stop: guns drawn (including shotgun per Green), forced to knees, handcuffed, person and vehicle searched; released after ~20 minutes when manual plate check showed mismatch.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": "Y", "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": "N", "Vehicle_Damaged": "N", "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": "~20 minutes", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": "C10-2649 / 11-17892 (9th Cir.)", "Court": "U.S. District Court N.D. Cal.; 9th Circuit", "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 495000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2014/05/12/11-17892.pdf", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/san-francisco-woman-pulled-out-car-gunpoint-because", "Additional_URLs": "https://sfgov.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?GUID=D8433FDB-0F97-45E4-A9AE-9533ABAE8784&ID=2448004; https://sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/ordinances15/o0181-15.pdf; https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/11/human-toll-alpr-errors", "Confidence_Score": 0.98, "Notes": "Vendor not confirmed in court opinion. Settlement authorized by SF Board of Supervisors Ordinance 181-15 ($495,000)." }, { "ID": 3, "Incident_Date": "2018-11-25", "Incident_Year": 2018, "City": "Hercules", "County": "Contra Costa", "State": "CA", "Victim_Name": "Brian Hofer; Hofer's brother", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": "Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office", "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Vigilant Solutions", "Technology": "ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "Hotlist Error; Database Error; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Hofer and brother in a rental car stopped after ALPR flagged plate as stolen. Vehicle had previously been recovered; hot list not updated. High-risk stop with gun drawn; brother allegedly thrown to ground; car searched; ~40 minutes detention after rental app verification. Thanksgiving-period reporting conflict: Verge/filing (Nov 2018) vs EFF 'Thanksgiving 2019'—court/lawsuit timing supports late 2018.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": "Y", "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": "Partial—brother alleged injured", "Vehicle_Damaged": "N", "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": "~40 minutes", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 49500, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": "Sheriff's office said deputies followed procedure; vehicle was reported stolen; high-risk stop conducted; released when not a suspect.", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/21/18234785/privacy-advocate-lawsuit-california-license-plate-reader", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/11/human-toll-alpr-errors", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/license-plate-readers-alpr-mistakes/; https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Confidence_Score": 0.88, "Notes": "DATE CONFLICT (documented): Verge / court filings place rental stop Nov 2018 (suit Dec 2018); EFF inventory reports 'Thanksgiving 2019'. Late 2018 preferred (court filings). Vendor Vigilant per IJ inventory. Settlement reported ~USD 49,500 (Hofer)." }, { "ID": 4, "Incident_Date": "2019-02-05", "Incident_Year": 2019, "City": "Woodbridge", "County": "Middlesex", "State": "NJ", "Victim_Name": "Nijeer Parks", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Woodbridge Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": "Idemia", "Technology": "Idemia MorphoBIS facial recognition", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Theft / assault on officer (Hampton Inn)", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Woodbridge PD used facial recognition (Idemia MorphoBIS via partner agency) against a fraudulent ID / surveillance lead and named Parks. He turned himself in after receiving a warrant; jailed ~10 days. He was ~30 miles away (money-transfer alibi). DNA/fingerprint evidence pointing elsewhere was not pursued before charging. Charges later dropped. Federal suit settled for $300,000 (2024) without admission of wrongdoing.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": "N", "Length_of_Detention": "10 days", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 300000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.law.com/njlawjournal/2024/09/10/bewitched-by-the-technology-300k-to-settle-faulty-facial-recognition/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2025/police-artificial-intelligence-facial-recognition/; https://www.aclu.org/cases/parks-v-mccormac", "Confidence_Score": 0.96, "Notes": "ACLU-listed FRT wrongful arrest." }, { "ID": 5, "Incident_Date": "2019-07", "Incident_Year": 2019, "City": "Detroit", "County": "Wayne", "State": "MI", "Victim_Name": "Michael Oliver", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Detroit Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": "DataWorks Plus", "Technology": "DataWorks Plus facial recognition", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Theft", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Detroit PD facial recognition mismatched Oliver despite visible tattoo sleeves the suspect lacked. Jailed ~2.5 days; lost job; charges dropped. Civil suit filed.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": "~2.5 days", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Lawsuit filed; settlement amount NULL in sources used", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://faceprivacy.ai/blog/wrongful-arrests-facial-recognition/", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.aclu.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ACLU-Comment-to-USCCR-re-FRT-4.8.2024.pdf", "Confidence_Score": 0.9, "Notes": "Exact July day NULL. Settlement reports vary / not confirmed here." }, { "ID": 6, "Incident_Date": "2020-01", "Incident_Year": 2020, "City": "Farmington Hills / Detroit", "County": "Wayne", "State": "MI", "Victim_Name": "Robert Williams", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Detroit Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": "DataWorks Plus", "Technology": "DataWorks Plus FRT match to driver's license", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Shinola watch store theft (2018 CCTV)", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "First widely reported U.S. FRT wrongful arrest. Detroit PD arrested Williams in his driveway in front of wife and daughters after FRT matched grainy CCTV to his license photo. Detained ~30 hours. ACLU/UM suit; city settled $300,000 (2024) with landmark policy reforms restricting FRT-only warrants/lineups.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": "~30 hours", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 300000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled; DPD policy reformed", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": "Detroit: no arrest solely on FRT or FRT-generated lineup without independent evidence; training; audit of 2017-2023 FRT warrant cases.", "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/cases/williams-v-city-of-detroit-face-recognition-false-arrest", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://quadrangle.michigan.law.umich.edu/issues/winter-2024-2025/flawed-facial-recognition-technology-leads-wrongful-arrest-and-historic", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Confidence_Score": 0.98, "Notes": "Exact January day often reported as early Jan 2020; day NULL here." }, { "ID": 7, "Incident_Date": "2020-08-02", "Incident_Year": 2020, "City": "Aurora", "County": "Arapahoe", "State": "CO", "Victim_Name": "Brittney Gilliam; 6yo daughter Lovely; 17yo sister; 14yo niece; 12yo niece", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Aurora Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "Wrong State; Wrong Plate; Hotlist Error; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Aurora PD ALPR/system flagged Gilliam's Colorado-plated SUV as matching a stolen Montana motorcycle with same plate number but different state. High-risk stop in parking lot: family including children forced prone at gunpoint; Gilliam, sister, and 12yo handcuffed; 6yo and 14yo ordered hands up face-down on hot pavement. Mistake discovered after handcuffing. $1.9M settlement Feb 2024.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": "N", "Vehicle_Damaged": "N", "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 1900000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": "APD said stolen-vehicle high-risk protocol; DA declined charges against officers; apology and counseling offered previously.", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": "Attorney hoped for policy changes regarding discretion with children.", "Primary_Source_URL": "https://apnews.com/article/handcuffed-black-girls-colorado-settlement-a7a695839b8841e56b7db0d103cc5ed1", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/05/us/colorado-aurora-settlement-stolen-vehicle-mixup", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/11/human-toll-alpr-errors; https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/aurora-police-settle-colorado-woman-viral-video-held-gunpoint-brittney-gilliam/", "Confidence_Score": 0.97, "Notes": "Vendor unspecified in major reporting. Spelling Brittney/Brittany varies in media; prefer Brittney (AP/CBS)." }, { "ID": 8, "Incident_Date": "2021-04", "Incident_Year": 2021, "City": "Atherton", "County": "San Mateo", "State": "CA", "Victim_Name": "Jason Burkleo", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Atherton Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Wrong Character; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Flock camera misread H as M on Burkleo's plate (dept claimed dirt obstruction). Stopped at gunpoint, ordered to lie on ground, handcuffed. Officers noted Flock misread. Settled $45,000.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": "N", "Vehicle_Damaged": "N", "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 45000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": "Cmdr. Dan Larsen: plate obstructed by dirt making H look like M; town denies wrongdoing.", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.businessinsider.com/flock-safety-alpr-cameras-misreads-2026-3", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/11/human-toll-alpr-errors", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.almanacnews.com/police/2024/02/12/atherton-officer-involved-in-the-arrest-of-m-a-student-also-named-in-lawsuit-over-unreasonable-seizure-and-use-of-excessive-force/", "Confidence_Score": 0.93, "Notes": "Exact day in April 2021 not confirmed in sources used." }, { "ID": 9, "Incident_Date": "2021-06-23", "Incident_Year": 2021, "City": "Lawton (arrest); Maryland counties (charges)", "County": null, "State": "OK", "Victim_Name": "Kimberlee Williams", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Montgomery County Police; Prince George's County; Anne Arundel County", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "Facial recognition (bank investigator tip to MD police)", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Fraudulent bank withdrawals in Maryland", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Arrested in Oklahoma while on a DoorDash run with her daughter on MD warrants after FRT falsely identified her in bank CCTV. Never been to Maryland. Jailed ~6 months across three MD counties as successive charges delayed release. Charges dismissed. ACLU filed administrative complaints seeking apologies/policy reform; civil SOL expired.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": "~6 months", "Lawsuit_Filed": "N", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Charges dismissed; ACLU administrative complaints", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/cases/kimberlee-williams-wrongful-arrest", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu-md.org/press-releases/woman-wrongly-jailed-for-months-based-on-faulty-facial-recognition-technology-demands-apology-from-maryland-police-departments/", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/that-wasnt-me-how-facial-recognition-led-to-a-woman-being-jailed-for-6-months/", "Confidence_Score": 0.95, "Notes": "ACLU's fourteenth publicly known FRT wrongful arrest. County field multi-jurisdiction." }, { "ID": 10, "Incident_Date": "2021-08", "Incident_Year": 2021, "City": "St. Louis", "County": "St. Louis City", "State": "MO", "Victim_Name": "Christopher Gatlin", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "Facial recognition", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Crime investigation (ACLU-listed)", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "ACLU includes Gatlin among publicly known FRT wrongful arrests (St. Louis, Aug 2021). Detailed detention length and settlement not confirmed in secondary aggregator sources used here.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": null, "Charges_Filed": null, "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://faceprivacy.ai/blog/wrongful-arrests-facial-recognition/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.7, "Notes": "LOW CONFIDENCE / incomplete primary dossier: Included from ACLU inventory; detention duration, exact incident day, and settlement terms remain NULL pending deeper local primary sourcing." }, { "ID": 11, "Incident_Date": "2022-02-15", "Incident_Year": 2022, "City": "Greenville", "County": "Greenville", "State": "SC", "Victim_Name": "McKenzie Bryan; Kennedy Bryan", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Greenville Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle (rental)", "Underlying_Error": "Hotlist Error; Database Error", "Narrative_Summary": "Sisters in recovered rental still on stolen hot list. Guns drawn; both handcuffed; placed in patrol car; released after rental company confirmed. Lawsuit filed; settlement amount not found.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Lawsuit filed; settlement unknown", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.postandcourier.com/greenville/news/license-plate-readers-rental-car-lawsuit-stolen-south-carolina-greenville-alpr/article_0a0c8da4-cb47-11ee-b853-ef14200492d2.html", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.9, "Notes": "Greenville used Flock by 2020 per reporting; IJ lists vendor unspecified." }, { "ID": 12, "Incident_Date": "2022-03", "Incident_Year": 2022, "City": "Maryland (transit jurisdiction)", "County": null, "State": "MD", "Victim_Name": "Alonzo Sawyer", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Maryland Transit Administration Police", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "Facial recognition", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Assault on bus driver", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "FRT incorrectly led MTA police to Sawyer for a bus-driver assault; he was at his sister's / asleep (reports). Jailed ~9 days; cleared when actual perpetrator identified.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": "~9 days", "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclunorcal.org/sites/default/files/Seeing_Through_Surveillance__Report_Web.pdf", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2025/police-artificial-intelligence-facial-recognition/", "Confidence_Score": 0.88, "Notes": "Exact March day NULL." }, { "ID": 13, "Incident_Date": "2022-07", "Incident_Year": 2022, "City": "Charlotte", "County": "Mecklenburg", "State": "NC", "Victim_Name": "Jaselyn Horne", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "NDI Technologies", "Technology": "ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Attempted murder / shooting investigation vehicle link", "Underlying_Error": "Wrong Plate; Human Data Entry; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "CMPD investigation involving license plate reader hit led to arrest of Jaselyn Horne for first-degree attempted murder after confusion with similarly named suspect Jasmine Horne / vehicle linkage. Wrong person. City settled $10,000 July 2023; no wrongdoing admission.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 10000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north-carolina/article287381160.html", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.88, "Notes": "Exact day in July 2022 not pinned in secondary sources used. Vendor NDI per N&O/IJ." }, { "ID": 14, "Incident_Date": "2022-07-20", "Incident_Year": 2022, "City": "Fayetteville", "County": "Cumberland", "State": "NC", "Victim_Name": "Jacqueline McNeill", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Fayetteville Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR + AI Vehicle Recognition", "Vendor": "Rekor", "Technology": "Rekor ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Vehicle linked to shooting", "Underlying_Error": "AI Similar Vehicle Match; Officer Failed to Verify; Human Data Entry", "Narrative_Summary": "Detectives used ALPR images to mistakenly link McNeill's white Nissan Versa to a shooting involving a similar white sedan. Arrested; harsh interrogation several hours; wrong person. Settled $60,000 with written apology from Chief Gina Hawkins; no admission of liability.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": "N", "Length_of_Detention": "several hours interrogation", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 60000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": "Apology letter from Chief; city no liability admission; N&O: no demotions/firings reported.", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": "Hawkins letter said arrest would lead to better training.", "Primary_Source_URL": "https://fayobserver.com/story/news/crime/2023/01/21/fayetteville-police-settle-civil-rights-lawsuit-for-60000/69828742007/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north-carolina/article287381160.html", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.95, "Notes": "LDF Police Funding Database notes settlement year; Free Press-style date July 20 after shooting days earlier." }, { "ID": 15, "Incident_Date": "2022-11", "Incident_Year": 2022, "City": "DeKalb County (arrest); Jefferson Parish LA (warrant)", "County": "DeKalb", "State": "GA", "Victim_Name": "Randal Quran Reid", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office (warrant); Georgia arresting agency", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": "Clearview AI", "Technology": "Clearview AI facial recognition", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen credit cards / luxury purse theft in Louisiana", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Arrested in Georgia on Louisiana warrant after Clearview AI match; had never been to Louisiana. Held ~6 days until warrant rescinded. Reporting cites ~$200,000 Jefferson Parish settlement.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": "~6 days", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 200000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled (reported)", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ACLU-Comment-to-USCCR-re-FRT-4.8.2024.pdf", "Additional_URLs": "https://stateofsurveillance.org/news/facial-recognition-wrongful-arrests-13-dismissals-racial-disparity-2026/", "Confidence_Score": 0.92, "Notes": "Settlement $200k from secondary reporting; confirm via parish records when possible." }, { "ID": 16, "Incident_Date": "2023-02", "Incident_Year": 2023, "City": "Detroit", "County": "Wayne", "State": "MI", "Victim_Name": "Porcha Woodruff", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Detroit Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": "DataWorks Plus", "Technology": "DataWorks Plus facial recognition + photo lineup", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Carjacking / robbery", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Eight months pregnant; arrested after FRT + photo lineup for carjacking despite no indication suspect was pregnant. Held ~10-11 hours; suffered contractions per reporting. Charges dropped. Federal suit later dismissed; Detroit already reformed FRT policy.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": "Partial—contractions reported in custody", "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": "~10-11 hours", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Lawsuit dismissed; charges dropped", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": "Contributed to DPD FRT policy tightening (with Williams case).", "Primary_Source_URL": "https://apnews.com/article/detroit-facial-recognition-arrest-821d260e932a4582a6a912dd61fde157", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/06/business/facial-recognition-false-arrest-pregnancy.html", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Confidence_Score": 0.95, "Notes": "" }, { "ID": 17, "Incident_Date": "2023-02-25", "Incident_Year": 2023, "City": "Jackson Township", "County": "Stark", "State": "OH", "Victim_Name": "Michael Smith", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Jackson Township Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Missing juvenile case plate still on hotlist", "Underlying_Error": "Hotlist Error; Database Error", "Narrative_Summary": "Stale Flock/hotlist alert after missing-juvenile case closed; plate not removed. Traffic stop/detention early morning; released after confirmation. Settled with township/officers; suit vs Flock dismissed (affirmed on appeal per 2026 reporting).", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": "5:23-cv-02198", "Court": "U.S. District Court N.D. Ohio", "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled vs township; Flock claims dismissed", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-ohnd-5_23-cv-02198/pdf/USCOURTS-ohnd-5_23-cv-02198-0.pdf", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/ohio/ohndce/5:2023cv02198/301907/38/", "Additional_URLs": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Confidence_Score": 0.92, "Notes": "IJ lists Mar 2023; court docs Feb 25 2023. Gunpoint not clearly established in reviewed filings." }, { "ID": 18, "Incident_Date": "2023-07-23", "Incident_Year": 2023, "City": "Espanola", "County": "Rio Arriba", "State": "NM", "Victim_Name": "Jaclynn Gonzales; 12-year-old sister (DD)", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Espanola Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Wrong Character; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Flock misread 2 as 7. Sisters ordered out, handcuffed; minor placed in patrol vehicle. Officers cited plate cover; BI says digit visible on bodycam. Family lawsuit; settled with city in 2025 (amount not reported in sources used).", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled (2025); amount NULL", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.businessinsider.com/flock-safety-alpr-cameras-misreads-2026-3", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/11/human-toll-alpr-errors", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/sisters-sue-espa-ola-over-traffic-stop-they-say-was-illegal/article_1c949c30-ae3e-11ee-ad85-f71a8c9ecb1e.html; https://www.cbsnews.com/news/license-plate-readers-alpr-mistakes/", "Confidence_Score": 0.94, "Notes": "City spelling Española/Espanola. Settlement amount not found." }, { "ID": 19, "Incident_Date": "2023-08", "Incident_Year": 2023, "City": "Houston", "County": "Harris", "State": "TX", "Victim_Name": null, "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "Unknown; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Per IJ stationary-ALPR inventory: two innocent men detained at gunpoint after Flock stolen-car alert misinterpreted. No named victims or local primary story confirmed in this research pass.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": null, "Charges_Filed": null, "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Secondary_Source_URL": null, "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.45, "Notes": "UNVERIFIED / LOW CONFIDENCE (0.45): Based solely on Institute for Justice stationary-ALPR inventory summary. No named victims or independent local primary media reports confirmed in this compilation." }, { "ID": 20, "Incident_Date": "2023-08", "Incident_Year": 2023, "City": "Espanola", "County": "Rio Arriba", "State": "NM", "Victim_Name": "Adam Pacheco", "Victim_Age": 17, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Espanola Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": "New Mexico State Police", "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock / intersection camera + ALPR sharing", "System_Type": "ALPR + video", "Alert_Reason": "BOLO for armed robbery suspect vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "Wrong Plate; Human Data Entry; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Espanola PD issued BOLO after reviewing intersection/ALPR-related footage, wrongly linking Pacheco's truck. NMSP conducted felony stop: gunpoint, handcuffed, frisked, kneeling; released same day. Lawsuit vs city; settlement unknown.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Lawsuit filed; status/settlement unknown", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.krqe.com/news/new-mexico/espanola-teen-files-lawsuit-after-getting-stopped-and-handcuffed-at-gunpoint-in-case-of-mistaken-identity/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/license-plate-readers-alpr-mistakes/", "Additional_URLs": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Confidence_Score": 0.85, "Notes": "More wrong-vehicle ID from camera review than pure OCR; included because CBS/IJ classify as ALPR-related. Exact day August 2023 NULL." }, { "ID": 21, "Incident_Date": "2023-09-03", "Incident_Year": 2023, "City": "Detroit", "County": "Wayne", "State": "MI", "Victim_Name": "Isoke Robinson; 2-year-old autistic son", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Detroit Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": "Chief James White (sued); Dion Corbin (sued); nine unnamed officers", "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR + AI Vehicle Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "Municipal ALPR camera network", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Vehicle linked to drive-by shooting", "Underlying_Error": "AI Similar Vehicle Match; Wrong Plate; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "DPD used ALPR vicinity/similar-vehicle reasoning to flag Robinson's white Dodge Charger near shooting area. Handcuffed outside home; autistic toddler placed in cruiser; car impounded >3 weeks. No charges. IA: officers 'improperly identified' vehicle. Settled $35,000 (includes fees); city no liability admission.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": "Y", "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 35000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": "IA found improper identification and untimely vehicle release; settlement no wrongdoing admission.", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2025/04/02/detroit-settles-lawsuit-license-plate-reader-error-isoke-robinson/82753538007/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2024/09/16/detroit-police-license-plate-readers-isoke-robinson-car-shooting/75189126007/", "Additional_URLs": "https://atlantablackstar.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Isoke-Robinson-lawsuit.pdf", "Confidence_Score": 0.95, "Notes": "Not classic OCR misread; investigative misuse of ALPR neighborhood hits." }, { "ID": 22, "Incident_Date": "2023-09-17", "Incident_Year": 2023, "City": "Reno", "County": "Washoe", "State": "NV", "Victim_Name": "Jason Killinger", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Reno Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "Peppermill Casino facial recognition → Reno PD arrest", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Trespass / banned individual match at casino", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Casino FRT flagged Killinger as a banned person; Reno PD arrested for trespass to 'confirm' identity via fingerprints. Held ~11 hours; fingerprints cleared him. Suit against officer/city ongoing; officer later testified arrest needed corroboration.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": null, "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": "~11 hours", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Litigation ongoing; City of Reno added as defendant (2026)", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.kolotv.com/2026/04/08/man-sues-city-reno-over-use-facial-recognition/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.biometricupdate.com/202604/lawsuit-alleges-systemic-misuse-of-facial-recognition-by-reno-police", "Additional_URLs": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/entities/jason-killinger/; https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Confidence_Score": 0.9, "Notes": "" }, { "ID": 23, "Incident_Date": "2023-10", "Incident_Year": 2023, "City": "Sedgwick County", "County": "Sedgwick", "State": "KS", "Victim_Name": null, "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": null, "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": "Sedgwick County Sheriff's Office", "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR + AI Vehicle Recognition", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen/hotlist (temp vs permanent plate confusion)", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; AI Similar Vehicle Match", "Narrative_Summary": "IJ: Flock failed to distinguish temporary vs permanent plates; innocent couple detained at gunpoint. No named-victim local story found; do not confuse with Sedgwick ALPR stalking/misuse cases.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": null, "Charges_Filed": null, "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Secondary_Source_URL": null, "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.4, "Notes": "UNVERIFIED / LOW CONFIDENCE (0.40): Based solely on IJ inventory (temporary vs. permanent plate confusion). No named victims or independent local news reports identified." }, { "ID": 24, "Incident_Date": "2024", "Incident_Year": 2024, "City": "Houston", "County": "Harris", "State": "TX", "Victim_Name": "Harvey Eugene Murphy Jr.", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "Facial recognition", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": null, "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Named in ACLU Maryland / USCCR and watchdog inventories of FRT wrongful arrests (Texas / Houston 2024 reporting). Full local primary dossier fields remain incomplete in this pass.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": null, "Charges_Filed": null, "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu-md.org/app/uploads/2024/08/letter_to_msp_re_frt_policy_final.pdf", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://stateofsurveillance.org/news/facial-recognition-wrongful-arrests-13-dismissals-racial-disparity-2026/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.65, "Notes": "INCOMPLETE PRIMARY DOSSIER / LOW-MEDIUM CONFIDENCE (0.65): Cited from ACLU Maryland and USCCR inventories. Full local primary dossier fields remain NULL pending deeper sourcing." }, { "ID": 25, "Incident_Date": "2024", "Incident_Year": 2024, "City": "New York", "County": "New York", "State": "NY", "Victim_Name": "Trevis Williams", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "New York Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "NYPD facial recognition", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": null, "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "ACLU notes Trevis Williams was eight inches taller and seventy pounds heavier than the suspect after an FRT lead. Aggregators place a 2024 NYC arrest and civil complaint; many fields remain NULL without primary NYT/court confirmation in this pass.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": null, "Charges_Filed": null, "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://faceprivacy.ai/blog/wrongful-arrests-facial-recognition/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.68, "Notes": "PENDING PRIMARY CONFIRMATION (0.68): Aggregator inventories place a 2024 NYC arrest and civil complaint; primary court filings and NYPD documentation remain unverified in this compilation pass." }, { "ID": 26, "Incident_Date": "2024-02-14", "Incident_Year": 2024, "City": "Lake Wylie area", "County": "York", "State": "SC", "Victim_Name": "Steven Melvin", "Victim_Age": 42, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": "York County Sheriff's Office", "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": "Deputy Kyle Brogden", "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen dark BMW", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Wrong Character; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Flock alert for stolen BMW; Melvin's SC tag one letter off; gun aimed; ordered out. Agency blamed tinted plate cover; records show Flock read same plate correctly 13 times earlier that month. Verbal warning for cover. Lawsuit filed June 2024.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": "kneel >=5 min reported", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Lawsuit pending/filed", "Agency_Response": "Capt. attributed malfunction to illegal tinted cover; Capt. Cornwell email: camera correctly ID'd plate 13 prior times.", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/crime/article316428323.html", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.93, "Notes": "" }, { "ID": 27, "Incident_Date": "2024-04", "Incident_Year": 2024, "City": "Toledo", "County": "Lucas", "State": "OH", "Victim_Name": "Brandon Upchurch", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": "Black", "Police_Department": "Toledo Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": "Adrian Wilson", "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen license plate", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Wrong Character; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Flock misread 7 as 2. Felony-style stop; Wilson released K9; dog bit arm and rammed head into ground; hospital then jail hours; obstructing/resisting charges later dismissed. Wilson verbal reprimand for failing to verify. Settled $35,000 Oct 2025; judge remarked 'Flock Flocked up.'", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": "Y", "Dog_Bite": "Y", "Physical_Injury": "Y", "Vehicle_Damaged": "N", "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": "N", "Length_of_Detention": "hours in jail", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 35000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": "PIO: thoroughly reviewed; Wilson verbal reprimand for failure to verify exact plate match.", "Vendor_Response": "Flock declined specific misread rates; said humans should verify hits; sympathy for victims.", "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.businessinsider.com/flock-safety-alpr-cameras-misreads-2026-3", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://wehoonline.com/flock-flocked-up-west-hollywood-decide-march-16/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.96, "Notes": "Cousin also present; exact calendar day April 2024 not pinned in BI excerpt." }, { "ID": 28, "Incident_Date": "2024-05-03", "Incident_Year": 2024, "City": "North Myrtle Beach", "County": "Horry", "State": "SC", "Victim_Name": "La'Nisha Hemingway", "Victim_Age": 18, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "North Myrtle Beach Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR + AI Vehicle Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "License plate reader (city operates Flock)", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle (Challenger vs Charger mismatch)", "Underlying_Error": "Wrong Plate; AI Similar Vehicle Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Teen driver's Charger flagged as stolen Challenger via plate reader. Guns drawn; walk-back; handcuffed; released minutes later. Settled $250,000 Nov 2024.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": "minutes", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": 250000, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Settled", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.wbtw.com/news/grand-strand/north-myrtle-beach/north-myrtle-beach-womans-wrongful-detainment-lawsuit-settled-for-250k/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://abcnews4.com/newsletter-daily/teen-wrongfully-detained-north-myrtle-beach-police-department-press-conference-lanisha-hemingway-tyler-bailey-law-firm-bodycam-video", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.94, "Notes": "IJ vendor unspecified; city uses Flock." }, { "ID": 29, "Incident_Date": "2024-07", "Incident_Year": 2024, "City": "Lafayette", "County": "Tippecanoe", "State": "IN", "Victim_Name": null, "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen/hotlist", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread", "Narrative_Summary": "IJ: Flock plate misread; innocent man detained at gunpoint. No named primary local story located.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": null, "Charges_Filed": null, "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Secondary_Source_URL": null, "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.4, "Notes": "UNVERIFIED / LOW CONFIDENCE (0.40): Based solely on IJ inventory report of an ALPR plate misread in Lafayette, IN. No named local primary media story identified." }, { "ID": 30, "Incident_Date": "2025-05-28", "Incident_Year": 2025, "City": "Leitchfield", "County": "Grayson", "State": "KY", "Victim_Name": "Unnamed mother", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Leitchfield Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Wrong Character; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Flock misread one character; mother with two sleeping children handcuffed <4 minutes; PD says no guns drawn; apology + policy tightening; bodycam released.", "Firearm_Drawn": "N", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "N", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": "<4 minutes", "Lawsuit_Filed": "N", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": "Apology; policy tightening; bodycam released.", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.k105.com/2025/05/30/leitchfield-pd-releases-bodycam-footage-statement-after-flock-camera-misreads-license-plate-leading-to-traffic-stop/", "Secondary_Source_URL": null, "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.88, "Notes": "Victim name not published." }, { "ID": 31, "Incident_Date": "2025-06", "Incident_Year": 2025, "City": "Morristown", "County": "Hamblen", "State": "TN", "Victim_Name": "JC Herron; Carolyn Herron; granddaughter Penelope (3)", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": null, "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Morristown Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen plate LOVEY vs L0VEY", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Wrong Character; Hotlist Error; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Personalized nurse plate LOVEY (letter O) misread/alerted as stolen L0VEY (zero) already recovered but not cleared. Guns drawn; both adults handcuffed; 3yo alone in Expedition. NCIC/stolen hit returned for LOVEY before stop per chief. Deputy Chief Wisecarver had emailed months earlier that Flock may misread.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": "Chief Overholt: high-risk protocols common; NCIC confirmed stolen hit; Mrs. Herron noncompliant (recording).", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.businessinsider.com/flock-safety-alpr-cameras-misreads-2026-3", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.9, "Notes": "DATE CONFLICT (documented): IJ inventory lists June 2024; Business Insider (Mar 2026) refers to 'Last June', implying June 2025. Recorded as 2025-06 pending primary police department records." }, { "ID": 32, "Incident_Date": "2025-07-14", "Incident_Year": 2025, "City": "Elizabethton (arrest); Fargo (charges)", "County": "Carter (TN); Cass (ND)", "State": "TN", "Victim_Name": "Angela Lipps", "Victim_Age": 50, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Fargo Police Department; U.S. Marshals Service (arrest)", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "Facial Recognition", "Vendor": null, "Technology": "AI facial recognition (bank CCTV → Fargo PD investigation)", "System_Type": "Facial Recognition", "Alert_Reason": "Organized bank fraud / identity theft in Fargo (Apr-May 2025)", "Underlying_Error": "AI Facial Recognition False Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "50-year-old Tennessee grandmother arrested at gunpoint by U.S. Marshals on July 14, 2025, while babysitting four children, on Fargo ND felony warrants after investigators used facial recognition on bank surveillance of a woman using a fake military ID. She had never been to North Dakota. Held without bail in Tennessee ~4 months, extradited to Cass County jail, then released Christmas Eve 2025 after attorney Jay Greenwood produced bank records proving she was >1,200 miles away in Tennessee. Charges dismissed (without prejudice). Lost home, car, and dog while incarcerated. Fargo PD later changed FRT policy.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": "N", "Length_of_Detention": "~5.5 months (Jul 14–Dec 24, 2025)", "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Charges dismissed without prejudice; FRT policy under revision", "Agency_Response": "Fargo Chief Zibolski defended investigation aspects; said case remains active regarding the fraud ring; issued temporary FRT directive / policy change (Mar 2026).", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": "Fargo PD restricted/reviewed facial recognition use after the case publicly broke.", "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/north-dakota/ai-error-jails-innocent-grandmother-for-months-in-north-dakota-fraud-case", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/mar/12/tennessee-grandmother-ai-fraud", "Additional_URLs": "https://www.inforum.com/news/fargo/fargo-police-change-facial-recognition-policy-after-use-in-naming-tennessee-woman-in-bank-fraud-case; https://www.newschannel5.com/news/ai-facial-recognition-led-to-wrongful-arrest-of-tenn-woman-in-state-she-says-shes-never-visited; https://www.foxnews.com/tech/facial-recognition-jails-innocent-grandmother-attorney-says; https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology", "Confidence_Score": 0.97, "Notes": "Some reporting mentions Clearview AI / West Fargo role; primary Fargo investigation attribution varies — Vendor left NULL unless court docs confirm. Fox cited probation hold nuance; still FRT-linked extradition detention." }, { "ID": 33, "Incident_Date": "2025-08", "Incident_Year": 2025, "City": "Jefferson County", "County": "Jefferson", "State": "CO", "Victim_Name": "Katie Rothman", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Aurora Police Department (data entry); multiple agencies acting on Flock alerts", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR hotlist", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle hotlist", "Underlying_Error": "Human Data Entry; Hotlist Error", "Narrative_Summary": "Aurora PD entered Rothman's plate instead of actual stolen-vehicle plate into databases queried by Flock; repeated stops of innocent motorist.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/coloradan-stopped-by-police-data-errors-flock-alerts/73-593a3772-f43d-46b1-8744-af888b9bd7f2", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.85, "Notes": "Repeated-stop pattern rather than single felony stop." }, { "ID": 34, "Incident_Date": "2025-08", "Incident_Year": 2025, "City": "Redmond", "County": "King", "State": "WA", "Victim_Name": "Thor Andrews Sr.", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Redmond Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Vehicle linked to son's felony warrant", "Underlying_Error": "Wrong Plate; Database Error; Human Data Entry", "Narrative_Summary": "Flock association linked vehicle to Thor Andrews Jr. felony warrant; father handcuffed in driveway; released after ID.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/license-plate-camera-error-police-arrest-washington-father-instead/281-6fa1842c-ca72-4150-a8ff-b076e456fbff", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/washington/license-plate-camera-error-police-arrest-washington-father-instead/281-6fa1842c-ca72-4150-a8ff-b076e456fbff", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.9, "Notes": "Exact day in Aug 2025 NULL." }, { "ID": 35, "Incident_Date": "2025-09-27", "Incident_Year": 2025, "City": "Denver metro (Bow Mar / Columbine Valley)", "County": "Arapahoe", "State": "CO", "Victim_Name": "Chrisanna Elser", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Columbine Valley Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR + AI Vehicle Recognition", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Package theft / vehicle presence", "Underlying_Error": "AI Similar Vehicle Match; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Officer wrongfully accused Elser of package theft based on Flock presence data; summons issued then voided; related disciplinary reporting.", "Firearm_Drawn": "N", "Handcuffed": "N", "Felony_Stop": "N", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": null, "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://coloradosun.com/2025/11/11/columbine-valley-police-officer-flock-disciplinary-action/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.82, "Notes": "SCOPE INCLUSION STRETCH (flagged): Officer issued an in-person door summons for package theft based on Flock vehicle-presence data, rather than a high-risk street felony traffic stop. Included as ALPR-caused wrongful accusation/process." }, { "ID": 36, "Incident_Date": "2025-11-26", "Incident_Year": 2025, "City": "San Diego", "County": "San Diego", "State": "CA", "Victim_Name": "Hugo Parra; Ariel Beltran; Christian Lopez", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "San Diego Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "AI Vehicle Recognition", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR + vehicle signature", "System_Type": "ALPR / AI vehicle fingerprinting", "Alert_Reason": "Attempted carjacking vehicle match", "Underlying_Error": "AI Similar Vehicle Match; Vehicle Fingerprinting Error; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Flock vehicle-signature style match linked wrong red Alfa; timestamp put vehicle ~5 miles away ~23 sec after pursuit. Parra jailed nearly a month; charges dropped. Tort claims $1.5M each Parra & Beltran; city denied; suit anticipated.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": "N", "Length_of_Detention": "~1 month (Parra)", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Tort claims denied; litigation anticipated", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://timesofsandiego.com/crime/2026/06/07/a-flock-license-plate-reader-linked-a-san-diego-man-to-a-violent-crime-he-was-five-miles-away/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/06/man-jailed-for-a-month-despite-flock-showing-he-was-5-miles-from-crime-scene/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.93, "Notes": "Strong AI vehicle-matching false positive case." }, { "ID": 37, "Incident_Date": "2025-12", "Incident_Year": 2025, "City": "Superior / Boulder County", "County": "Boulder", "State": "CO", "Victim_Name": "Sarah Judson", "Victim_Age": 76, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": "Boulder County Sheriff's Office", "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR hotlist", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle (O vs 0 dual entry)", "Underlying_Error": "Human Data Entry; Hotlist Error; Wrong Character", "Narrative_Summary": "Colorado Springs PD dual-entered O/0 for stolen plate; Judson stopped (and followed again ~2 weeks later). Changed routes to avoid cameras. Hotlist corrected after 9NEWS inquiry.", "Firearm_Drawn": "N", "Handcuffed": "N", "Felony_Stop": "N", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "N", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": "CSPD characterized O/0 dual entry as human error after media inquiry.", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/coloradan-stopped-by-police-data-errors-flock-alerts/73-593a3772-f43d-46b1-8744-af888b9bd7f2", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://ij.org/dozens-of-innocent-motorists-have-been-pulled-over-detained-at-gunpoint-or-jailed-due-to-ai-license-plate-camera-errors/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.9, "Notes": "Exact day Dec 2025 NULL." }, { "ID": 38, "Incident_Date": "2026-02-11", "Incident_Year": 2026, "City": "Sherwood", "County": "Pulaski", "State": "AR", "Victim_Name": "Danielle Turbyfill (owner/passenger); unnamed driver", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Sherwood Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": "Seth Kinkade; Joseph Lackey", "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Wrong Character; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Flock misread one letter (broken plate frame cited). Guns drawn; both adults handcuffed; ~6-week-old infant left in car seat. No lawsuit found.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Y", "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "Y", "Dog_Deployed": "N", "Dog_Bite": "N", "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "N", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": "PD Facebook suggested camera working / human or plate-border issue (reporting conflict).", "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2026/mar/02/loose-plate-holder-leads-to-errant-traffic-stop/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://katv.com/news/local/sherwood-stop-sparked-after-flock-camera-misread-plate-by-one-letter-as-stolen-katv-news-share-inform-public-community-safety", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.92, "Notes": "Baby age: IJ six weeks vs KATV one month." }, { "ID": 39, "Incident_Date": "2026-03-04", "Incident_Year": 2026, "City": "Hayward", "County": "Alameda", "State": "CA", "Victim_Name": "Ann Nomura", "Victim_Age": 62, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": "Alameda County Sheriff's Office", "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Crime-associated plates on vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "Cloned Plate; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Thieves cold-plated Nomura's Honda Fit with crime-associated plates. Flock correctly hit the plates on wrong vehicle; make/model mismatch not used to abort. Ordered out hands up (no guns per victim); released; plate seized; later callbacks on old plate.", "Firearm_Drawn": "N", "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": "Y", "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "N", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://oaklandside.org/2026/03/23/alameda-county-sheriff-flock-safety-license-plate-camera-thieves/", "Secondary_Source_URL": null, "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.88, "Notes": "Included under cloned-plate scope; ALPR read may be technologically 'correct' on fraudulently attached plate." }, { "ID": 40, "Incident_Date": "2026-04", "Incident_Year": 2026, "City": "Cherry Hills Village", "County": "Arapahoe", "State": "CO", "Victim_Name": "Kyle Dausman", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Cherry Hills Village Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR hotlist", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Warrant linked to wrong plate (O/0)", "Underlying_Error": "Human Data Entry; Hotlist Error; Wrong Character", "Narrative_Summary": "O/0 data-entry linked Dausman's plate to wrong warrant in CCIC/Flock hotlist; multiple stops; local alert suppressed but statewide persisted. Agency dispute Gilpin SO vs CSP over who must fix.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": null, "Length_of_Detention": null, "Lawsuit_Filed": "N", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/coloradan-stopped-by-police-data-errors-flock-alerts/73-593a3772-f43d-46b1-8744-af888b9bd7f2", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/didn-t-commit-crime-flock-013554407.html", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.85, "Notes": "Repeated stops; first-stop day NULL. Reporting Apr 2026." }, { "ID": 41, "Incident_Date": "2026-04-16", "Incident_Year": 2026, "City": "Volusia County", "County": "Volusia", "State": "FL", "Victim_Name": "Lindsey Isaacs", "Victim_Age": 23, "Victim_Sex": "F", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": null, "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": "Florida Highway Patrol", "Officer_Names": "Sgt. Tiffany Jateff; Sgt. Joshua Buday", "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR + AI Vehicle Recognition", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Deadly hit-and-run suspect vehicle", "Underlying_Error": "AI Similar Vehicle Match; Wrong Plate; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Crash Oct 4 2025; April 2026 arrest based on Flock presence near crash + witness color error (black vs maroon Durango). Jailed 13 days; charges dropped; another person later charged. Federal suit filed.", "Firearm_Drawn": null, "Handcuffed": "Y", "Felony_Stop": null, "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": null, "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "Y", "Charges_Filed": "Y", "Charges_Dismissed": "Y", "Released_at_Scene": "N", "Length_of_Detention": "13 days", "Lawsuit_Filed": "Y", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": "Lawsuit pending", "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.clickorlando.com/traffic/2026/06/10/woman-wrongly-jailed-in-i-4-deadly-crash-files-lawsuit-against-florida-highway-patrol/", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.wesh.com/article/lindsey-isaacs-lawsuit-fhp-wrongful-arrest-hit-and-run/71535849", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.9, "Notes": "NAME SPELLING DISCREPANCY (documented): First name reported as 'Lindsey' (WESH) vs 'Lindsay' (ClickOrlando). Standardized to Lindsey (WESH) in this database." }, { "ID": 42, "Incident_Date": "2026-06-28", "Incident_Year": 2026, "City": "Plymouth", "County": "Hennepin", "State": "MN", "Victim_Name": "Joel Feder; Feder's wife", "Victim_Age": null, "Victim_Sex": "M", "Victim_Race": null, "Police_Department": "Plymouth Police Department", "Sheriff_Office": null, "State_Police_Agency": null, "Officer_Names": null, "Officer_Badge_Numbers": null, "Technology_Category": "ALPR", "Vendor": "Flock Safety", "Technology": "Flock ALPR", "System_Type": "ALPR", "Alert_Reason": "Stolen plates (NCIC incomplete entry)", "Underlying_Error": "OCR Misread; Database Error; Human Data Entry; Officer Failed to Verify", "Narrative_Summary": "Auto writer Feder tracked via Flock for days over incomplete NCIC plate entry (missing middle digits on Range Rover UK-style plate); boxed in at Kohl's; hands on guns; ~1 hour detention. Plate was lost not stolen.", "Firearm_Drawn": "Partial—hands on guns", "Handcuffed": null, "Felony_Stop": "Y", "Vehicle_Searched": null, "Occupants_Removed": null, "Children_Present": "N", "Dog_Deployed": null, "Dog_Bite": null, "Physical_Injury": null, "Vehicle_Damaged": null, "Jailed": "N", "Charges_Filed": "N", "Charges_Dismissed": null, "Released_at_Scene": "Y", "Length_of_Detention": "~1 hour", "Lawsuit_Filed": "N", "Case_Number": null, "Court": null, "Judge": null, "Settlement_Amount": null, "Verdict": null, "Current_Case_Status": null, "Agency_Response": null, "Vendor_Response": null, "Policy_Changes": null, "Primary_Source_URL": "https://www.thedrive.com/news/how-flock-cameras-wrongly-tracked-me-for-days-over-stolen-plates-and-sent-police-after-me", "Secondary_Source_URL": "https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/flock-cameras-wrongly-flag-plates-as-stolen/", "Additional_URLs": null, "Confidence_Score": 0.93, "Notes": "" } ]